Not associated with any "gods" as such; there are a large number of folktales containing items with exponential growth.
The Aarne-Thompson classification system groups many of these stories into category, AT 565. One of the best-known of these is Why the Sea is Salt, where an out-of-control salt mill grinds out an endless amount of salt.
The goings-on in The Sorceror's Apprentice certainly smacks of the Lernaean Hydra, but that one is more literary than folkloric.
And of course there is the matter of how darn fast that beanstalk grew...